File: 051577F - From documents
transmitted: 07/13/2007 AFFIRM;
Opinion filed July 13, 2007
In The Court of Appeals Fifth
District of Texas at Dallas ............................ No. 05-05-01577-CV ............................ LANDRY'S SEAFOOD HOUSE-ADDISON, INC. AND LANDRY'S RESTAURANTS, INC., Appellants V. DARYL N. SNADON,
Appellee ............................................................. On Appeal from the 68th Judicial District
Court Dallas County,
Texas Trial Court Cause No.
03-03484-C ............................................................. OPINION Before Justices
Moseley, O'Neill, and Mazzant Opinion By
Justice Mazzant
Daryl N. Snadon sued
Landry's Seafood House-Addison, Inc. and Landry's Restaurants, Inc. (Landry's) for amounts due under a commercial lease and
a guarantee agreement. A jury found in Snadon's favor, and the trial court
entered a final judgment on the verdict. Landry's appeals, bringing four issues:
(1) Snadon did not prove he was entitled to recover under the lease; (2) there
was legally and factually insufficient evidence to support the award of damages;
(3) the trial court erred in denying Landry's motion for new trial, or in the
alternative, for a remittitur because the damages were excessive; (4) this case
should be reversed and remanded because a portion of the reporter's record is
missing due to no fault of Landry's. For the reasons that follow, we resolve
Landry's issues against it and affirm the trial court's final judgment.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL
BACKGROUND
The premises at issue
here are located on Belt Line Road in Addison. The record shows that Snadon leased the premises to a restaurant in 1986. In
1987, Snadon assigned his interest in the premises and rights under the lease to
Lee Snadon. In 1993, the lease for the premises was assigned to Landry's Seafood
House-Addison, Inc. The assignment and assumption agreement provided that the
lease would expire in September 2008. Landry's Restaurants, Inc. guaranteed
payment and performance under the lease. In 1994, Lee Snadon
executed a general warranty deed conveying the premises to Daryl Snadon as trustee of a management trust. In 1995,
Snadon, as trustee, conveyed the premises to himself, individually, under a
general warranty deed. In January 2003, the
restaurant closed, vacated the premises, and stopped paying rent and other amounts due under the lease. Landry's contacted a
realtor to find a subtenant. In April 2003, Snadon took possession of the
premises and also marketed the site to prospective tenants. There were two lease
proposals, and Snadon accepted one of them, eventually leasing the premises to
Mark Steinmann in November 2003. Snadon sued Landry's,
asserting it was in default of its contractual obligations under the lease. Snadon presented evidence of damages. The
jury found that Landry's-Addison failed to comply with the terms of the lease
and that Landry's Restaurants, Inc. failed to comply with the terms of the
guarantee agreement. The jury awarded $611,868.63 in damages for rent,
contractual interest, taxes and insurance, maintenance, utilities, and leasing
costs. The trial court granted Snadon's motion for leave to amend his petition
post-verdict. Landry's moved for judgment notwithstanding the verdict and for
new trial, or in the alternative, to modify the judgment, or in the further
alternative for a remittitur. The trial court overruled Landry's motions. The
final judgment awarded the damages against Landry's jointly and severally in the
total amount of $654,251.12, which represented attorney's fees and rent and
other charges due under the lease incurred by Snadon through August 2005. In
addition, the trial court awarded post-judgment interest and attorney's fees on
appeal. This appeal followed.
ENTITLEMENT TO
RECOVERY UNDER THE LEASE
In its first issue,
Landry's contends that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law because Snadon failed to prove he was entitled to recover
rents and other charges under the lease agreement. Landry's argues that,
because Lee Snadon is listed as the landlord on the 1993 assignment and assumption agreement by which Landry's was
assigned the lease, Snadon had the burden to show he had recovered the lease
rights, but he failed to make that showing. At trial, Snadon relied on the 1994
general warranty deed from Lee Snadon to Snadon as trustee and the 1995 general
warranty deed from Snadon as trustee to Snadon individually. The 1994 deed
provides that it is “subject to the title exceptions” set forth in an
accompanying exhibit. The exhibit lists six documents-a deed of trust, three
easements, a mineral estate, and the 1986 lease and assignments not including to
Landry's-and the recordation data for each document. In addition, there is no
assignment and assumption document returning rights in the lease from Lee Snadon
to Snadon in 1994 as there was when Snadon transferred his interest in the real
property to Lee Sandon in 1987. In summary, Landry's argues these documents do
not show a proper assignment of the lease from Lee Snadon to
Snadon. Snadon's original
petition alleged that he was the “current Landlord” of the lease agreement with Landry's. Landry's argues that Lee
Snadon, not Daryl Snadon, was the proper plaintiff. Landry's was bound to file a
verified denial if he was asserting that Snadon was not the proper party;
barring such a denial, the matter was deemed admitted. Tex. R. Civ. P. 93(2)
(providing that “[a] pleading . . . shall be verified by affidavit . . . [t]hat
there is a defect of parties, plaintiff or defendant”); see CHCA E. Houston,
L.P. v. Henderson, 99 S.W.3d 630, 632-34 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.]
2003, no pet.) (categorizing complaint that plaintiff was not proper party to
lease against which payments were credited as “misidentification” among
“successors-in-interest,” whether labeled “capacity” or “defect of parties”
issue, and citing Pledger v. Schoellkopf, 762 S.W.2d 145, 146 (Tex.
1988)); see also King-Mays v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 194 S.W.3d 143,
145 (Tex. App.-Dallas 2006, pet. denied) (“A challenge to privity is a capacity
issue, not standing, and requires compliance with rule 93.”). Landry's asserted
its argument in its motions for directed verdict, motion for judgment
notwithstanding the verdict, and motion for new trial, or in the alternative, to
modify the judgment, or in the further alternative, for a remittitur. However,
Landry's failure to raise this issue in a verified denial constitutes waiver.
See Matthiessen v. Schaefer, 900 S.W.2d 792, 795 (Tex. App.-San Antonio
1995, writ denied) (issue waived when raised for first time in amended motion
for new trial). Accordingly, we decide Landry's first issue against it.
DAMAGES
Landry's second and third
issues concern the damages award. In its second issue, Landry's contends there was legally and factually insufficient
evidence to support the damages found by the jury. Under this issue, Landry's
does not argue the evidence fails to meet the standards of review for
sufficiency of the evidence. Instead, Landry's makes two arguments. First,
focusing on Snadon's original petition, Landry's argues that Snadon's original
petition acted as an anticipatory repudiation of the lease and included a claim
for damages for the whole lease term. According to Landry's, under this theory,
Snadon was required to present evidence, including the present value of unpaid
rents from the date of breach through the end of the lease, but did not. Thus,
because this evidence is lacking, there is insufficient evidence to support the
damages verdict. Paragraph 8 of Snadon's
original petition, filed in April 2003, stated that Landry's-Addison was in default of its contractual obligations under the
lease “by previously abandoning the premises” and by failing to pay rent and
other charges accruing under the lease through April 2003, in the total amount
of $89,221.21. Paragraph 10 stated Landry's potential liability under the lease:
“The premises of the Lease remain vacant and the joint and several liability of
Defendants will continue to accrue until (a) expiration of the Lease, or (b) the
premises are leased to a new tenant on economic terms comparable to those in the
Lease, whichever should occur first.” Paragraph 11 stated: “By this action,
Plaintiff seeks judgment against Defendants, . . ., for all sums due under the
Lease on the date of judgment, . . . .” The prayer sought judgment “jointly and
severally, for all sums due under the Lease and the Guarantee on the date of
judgment herein . . . .” Nothing in the original petition repudiated the lease
by declaring it at an end or concerned acceleration of monthly rent. The only
request for damages concerned those accrued as of the date of
judgment. Landry's points to
evidence introduced at the August 2005 trial that showed damages through the end of the lease term. However, outside
the presence of the jury, Snadon's counsel stated that, in settlement
discussions, the parties discussed the amount due through the end of the lease
period. Snadon's counsel stated he was not requesting damages through the end of
the lease term, and he presented evidence of his damages through August 2005.
Accordingly, we reject Landry's insufficiency argument based on Snadon's failure
to present evidence about damages from the date of breach through the end of the
lease. Second, focusing on
Snadon's second amended petition, Landry's argues the trial court abused its discretion in permitting Snadon to amend his
petition to limit damages to amounts due through the date of judgment, not
future losses. Landry's argues the amendment changed the date of recovery from
the end of the lease to the date of judgment, which was the legal equivalent of
a new claim that was prejudicial on its face. Pursuant to rules of
civil procedure 63 and 66, a trial court has no discretion to refuse an amendment unless: (1) the opposing party presents
evidence of surprise or prejudice, or (2) the amendment asserts a new cause of
action or defense, and thus is prejudicial on its face, and the opposing party
objects to the amendment. Greenhalgh v. Serv. Lloyds Ins. Co., 787 S.W.2d
938, 939 (Tex. 1990); see Tex. Rs. Civ. P. 63, 66. Landry's knew
in February 2003 that prospective tenants had expressed interest in the premises. Snadon entered into a lease with Steinmann in
November 2003, and the record shows Landry's knew at least by February 2005 of
this lease. Snadon's second amended petition updated his request in paragraph 8
for the amount of damages due through August 2005, the date of trial. Paragraph
10 was also amended to state that the successor tenant began paying rent in
August 2004 at a rate less than that due under Landry's lease; consequently,
Snadon “claims as part of its damages the differential shortfall due under the
new lease as compared to the Landry's Lease.” Paragraph 11 pertains to the
damages sought, which was through the date of trial. The jury's answer to the
damages question reflects Snadon's Exhibit 43, which showed rents due under the
lease, reduced by the rent amounts Steinmann paid. As the discussion above
shows, the original petition requested damages through the date of judgment, stated as April 2003, and the amendment
updated the damages request to the date of judgment in August 2005. The record
does not support Landry's contention that the amendment changed the nature of
the case by changing the date of recovery to the date of judgment. Because the
record shows that Snadon sought and presented evidence of damages through the
date of judgment only, not future losses, we reject Landry's arguments that it
was surprised or prejudiced by Snadon's evidence or that Snadon asserted a new
cause of action. See Greenhalgh, 787 S.W.2d at 939. Accordingly, we
conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion in allowing Snadon to
amend his petition after verdict. We need not consider Landry's argument that
any claim Snadon makes in the future for rents or other charges after the date
of judgment is barred by res judicata or collateral estoppel because
those rents and other charges are not at issue here. Having rejected Landry's
arguments under its second issue, we resolve this issue against
Landry's. In its third issue,
Landry's contends the trial court erred in denying the motion for new trial, or in the alternative, for a remittitur
because the damages were excessive and not supported by legally or factually
sufficient evidence. Specifically, Landry's argues that Snadon made no
reasonable efforts to mitigate damages, or lease the premises on reasonable
terms. Landry's argues that Steinmann's offer was the lower of the two offers
received; Snadon delayed signing the Steinmann lease to maximize damages against
Landry's; and the Steinmann lease included nine months of free rent and a rental
rate lower than market value. In either ordering a
remittitur or in reviewing a trial court's order of remittitur, the proper standard of review is factual sufficiency.
Bentley v. Bunton, 94 S.W.3d 561, 620 (Tex. 2002); Mar. Overseas Corp.
v. Ellis, 971 S.W.2d 402, 406 (Tex. 1998). We consider and weigh all of the
evidence, and set aside the verdict only if it is so contrary to the
overwhelming weight of the evidence that the verdict is clearly wrong and
unjust. Ellis, 971 S.W.2d at 406-07. This Court is not a fact finder.
Id. at 407. Accordingly, we may not pass upon the witnesses' credibility
or substitute our judgment for that of the jury, even if the evidence would
clearly support a different result. Id. (citing Pool v. Ford Motor
Co., 715 S.W.2d 629, 634 (Tex.1986)). A landlord has a duty to
make reasonable efforts to mitigate damages when the tenant breaches the lease and abandons the property. Tex. Prop. Code §
91.006 (Vernon 2007); Austin Hill Country Realty, Inc. v. Palisades Plaza,
Inc., 948 S.W.2d 293, 299 (Tex. 1997). However, the landlord is not required
to simply fill the premises with any willing tenant; the replacement tenant must
be suitable under the circumstances. Id. The landlord's failure to use
reasonable efforts to mitigate damages bars the landlord's recovery against the
breaching tenant only to the extent that damages reasonably could have been
avoided. Id. The tenant properly bears the burden of proof to demonstrate
that the landlord has mitigated or failed to mitigate damages and the amount by
which the landlord reduced or could have reduced its damages.
Id. Question 3 asked what sum
of money if paid now in cash would fairly and reasonably compensate Snadon for his damages resulting from Landry's
failure to comply with the lease and the guarantee agreement. Question 3
included the following instruction: “Do not include in your answer any amount
that you find Daryl N. Snadon could have earned by exercising reasonable
diligence in seeking other tenants for the property in question.” The jury's
answer mirrored the amounts shown in Snadon's Exhibit 43. Paragraph
18.1 of the lease provides that, upon any event of default, including
vacating the premises or failing to pay rent,
the landlord could terminate the lease, relet the premises “on such terms as
Landlord may deem advisable,” receive the rent, and the tenant agreed to pay “on
demand any deficiency which may arise by reason of such reletting.” There was
testimony that Landry's abandoned the premises with no warning and did not
respond in writing to Snadon's requests for information. Nor did Landry's
respond to an April 9, 2003 demand letter for amounts due under the lease. There
was evidence that the market during the time after Landry's vacated the premises
was “soft” meaning it would be difficult to find a new tenant. There was
evidence that both Steinmann and Karen Park submitted lease proposals. Although
Park's proposed rent was slightly higher than Steinmann's, her proposal was
“bare-boned.” However, Steinmann intended to spend up to $1 million to refurbish
the premises. Snadon and his colleagues considered Steinmann's the better offer,
as did Landry's realtor and Carl Cheaney, Landry's then-senior real estate
manager. In addition, there was evidence that Snadon granted Steinmann free rent
between November 2003 and August 2004 in lieu of Snadon paying anything for
premise improvements. Sandon testified, “I got the best deal I could get at the
time, in the current market conditions.” As noted above, Snadon's Exhibit 43
showed rents due under the lease, reduced by the rent amounts Steinmann paid,
through August 2005. Having considered and
weighed all of the evidence relating to Snadon's reasonable efforts to mitigate damages, including that detailed above, we
cannot conclude that the verdict is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of
the evidence that it is clearly wrong and unjust. Accordingly, because we
conclude the evidence is factually sufficient to support the damages award, we
resolve Landry's third issue against it.
MISSING
TESTIMONY
In its fourth issue,
Landry's argues this case should be reversed and remanded because part of the reporter's record is missing due to no
fault of Landry's. As applicable to this
appeal, under rule of appellate procedure 34.6(f), Landry's is entitled to a new trial if: (1) it timely requested a
reporter's record; (2) without Landry's fault, a significant portion of the
court reporter's electronic recording has been lost or destroyed or is
inaudible; (3) the lost, destroyed, or inaudible portion of the reporter's
record is necessary to the appeal's resolution; and (4) the lost, destroyed or
inaudible portion of the reporter's record cannot be replaced by agreement of
the parties. See Tex. R. App. P. 34.6(f). The lost part occurred
during Landry's cross examination of Snadon about meeting with Steinmann; the record resumes with a discussion between
counsel about questioning Snadon concerning his ownership of other properties.
Landry's states in its brief that the lost part involved “only a few minutes”;
Snadon also states in his brief that the missing part was “limited to a few
minutes.” Moreover, our review of the record leads us to conclude that the lost
part did not concern either the proper party or the damages issues. Thus, we
conclude that a “significant portion” of the record is not missing, and that the
missing part is not “necessary to the appeal's resolution.” See Tex. R.
App. P. 34.6(f)(2), (3). Accordingly, we resolve Landry's fourth issue against
it.
CONCLUSION
Having resolved Landry's
four issues against it, we affirm the trial court's final judgment.